Gigabyte PON works like this:
1. Each Gigabyte PON network starts with a service node,
which is a data center that is part of the provider's network delivery
infrastructure.
2. These service nodes are connected to the larger network
through a service node interface (SNI), which is a connector that enables the
connection.
3. The connection runs from the service node through the SNI
to the optical line terminal (OLT). Because the range of a gigabyte PON network
is limited to about 12 miles, service providers typically install multiple OLTs
at key locations where they provide network access. The OLT acts as a central
hub for the network, allowing it to provide network access to multiple users
simultaneously.
4. To allow the network to be deployed to multiple users, the
OLT must pass the signal through a passive GPON optical splitter. This splitter
literally splits the signal into equal-sized data bundles. A single network can
have multiple splitters depending on the number of users. However, due to the
design of the technology, a single fiber cannot serve more than 64 end users.
5. After passing through the optical splitter, the signal
finally reaches the Optical Network Unit at the user's end. The ONU receives
the data from the OLT, interprets it and distributes it to the end user so that
the end user can enjoy the content transmitted over the network.
It is important to point out that this entire process relies
on the Optical Distribution Network or ODN.
ODN is a framework of Passive Optical Components (POCs) that
includes all the above devices and the optical fiber itself.
They are passive because they do not require power to operate
and transmit signals both upstream and downstream.
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